RAFT-REINFORCED CONCRETE SKELETON BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO SETTLEMENT AND/OR TILT

Mohamed Salama

doi:10.66411/jer.v10i10.178

Authors

Mohamed Elkhairy Salama Faculty of Engineering, Garyan Gabal Al-Garby University, Libya Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.66411/jer.v10i10.178

Keywords:

Raft, Finite element, Column, Beam, Shear stresses, Bending stresses, Shear walls, Brick walls, Tilt, Differential settlement

Abstract

Interaction between R.C skeleton-raft-brick walls-soil-adjacent structures and/or construction is very complicated. In this study the author studied the problem of differential settlement and tilting for R.C skeleton-raft-brick walls buildings using finite element (beam, plate, and spring elements). The author presented a case study for tilting of a building with small width from his consulting experience in port-said Egypt in which soil profile is susceptible to settlement. The building sidewall including beams and columns is represented by 2-D finite element analysis. The research includes a study for influence of existence of R.C shear wall on skeleton response of the study case building. The research was expanded to study buildings with width approximately equal to height. Influence of deflected shape of raft and raft thickness on stress and forces in walls, columns, beams, and raft were studied. Recommendations based on this study for building skeleton dimensions, build ng spacing

References

[1] MacDonald, D. H., and A. W. Skempton “A Survey of Comparisons between Calculated and Observed Settlements of Structures on Clay,” Conf. On Correlation of Calculated and Observed Stresses and Displacements ICE, (1955), pp. 318-337.

[2] Grant, R., et al. “Differential Settlement of Buildings,” JGED, ASCE, vol. 100, GT 9, (1974), pp. 973-991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000101

[3] Feld, J. “Tolerance of Structures to Settlement,” JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 91, SM3, (1965), pp.63-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000750

[4] Wahls, H. “Tolerable Settlements of Buildings,” JGED, ASCE, vol. 107, ET 11, (1981), pp. 1489-1504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001204

[5] Burad, H. J., et al. “Modeling Tunneling induced Settlement of Masonry Buildings,” Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs. Geotech. Engng, 143, No. 1, (2000), pp. 17- 29.

[6] Bjerrum, L. Discussion, Proceedings European Conference SMFE, Wiesbaden, Vol. 3, (1963).

[7] Bowles, E. J. “Foundation Analysis and Design” McGraw-Hill (1996), pp. 338- 341.

[8] Mikhejev, V. V. et al. “Foundation Design in the USSR,” 5th ICSMFE, vol. 1, (1961), pp. 753-757.

[9] Polshin, D. E., and R. A. Tokar, “Maximum Allowable Non-Uniform Settlement of Structures,” 4th ICSMFE, vol. 1, (1957), pp. 402-405.

[10] Boscardin M. D. and Cording E. J. “Building response to excavation-induced settlement”. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 115, No.1, (1989), pp. 1- 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:1(1)

[11] Potts D. M. and Addenbrooke T. I. “A structure's influence on tunneling-induced ground movements”. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering, 125, No. 2, (1997), pp.109-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/igeng.1997.29233

[12] Burland J. B. and Wroth C. P. “Settlement of buildings and associated damage”. Proceedings of a Conference on Settlement of Structures, Cambridge, (1974), pp.611-654.

[13] Mair R. J., Taylor R. N. and Burland J. B. “Prediction of ground movements and assessment of risk of building damage due to bored tunneling”. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, London, (1996), pp. 713-718.

[14] Burd H. J., Houlsby G. T., Chow L., Augarde C. E. and Liu G. “Analysis of settlement damage to masonry structures”. Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering ECONMIG 94, Manchester, 7-9 September (1994), pp. 203-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003761310-30

[15] Augarde C. E., Burd H. J. and Houlsby G. T. “A three-dimensional finite element model of tunneling”. Proceedings of NUMOG V, Davos, Switzerland, 6±8 September (1995), pp. 457-462.

[16] Augarde C. E. “Numerical Modeling of Tunneling Processes for Assessment of Damage to Buildings”. PhD thesis, Oxford University, (1997).

[17] Liu G. “Numerical Modeling of Settlement Damage to Masonry Buildings Caused by Tunneling”. PhD thesis, Oxford University, (1997).

[18] Augarde C. E., Burd H. J. and Houlsby G. T. “Some experiences of modeling tunneling in soft ground using three-dimensional finite elements”. Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, Udine, Italy, 14-16 October (1998), pp. 603-612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2512-0_58

[19] Houlsby G. T., Burd H. J. and Augarde C. E. “Analysis of tunnel-induced settlement damage to surface structures”. Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Amsterdam, vol. 1, (1999), pp. 31-44.

[20] Bell R. W., Houlsby G. T. and Burd H. J. “Suitability of two and three- dimensional finite elements for modeling material incompressibility using exact integration”. Communications in Applied Numerical Methods in Engineering, 36, No. 14, (1991), pp. 2453-2472.

[21] Gunn M. “The prediction of surface settlement problems due to tunneling”. Predictive Soil Mechanics, Proceedings of the Wroth Memorial Symposium, Oxford, (1992), pp. 304-316.

[22] Addenbrooke T. I., Potts D. M. and Puzrin A. M. “The influence of pre-failure soil stiffness on the numerical analysis of tunnel construction”. Geotechnique, 47, No. 3, (1997), pp. 693-712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.3.693

[23] Chow L. “The Prediction of Surface Settlements due to Tunneling in Soft Ground”. MSc thesis, Oxford University, (1994).

[24] Jardine R. J., Potts D. M., Fourie A. B. and Burland J. B. “Studies of the influence of nonlinear stress-strain characteristics in soil-structure interaction”. Geotechnique, 36, No. 3, (1986), pp. 377-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.3.377

[25] Bloodworth A. G. and Houlsby G. T. “Three-dimensional analysis of building settlement caused by shaft construction”. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Tokyo, July (1999).